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英语学习总结

note

[TOC]

方法论

整体参考视频:自学英语零基础到中高级!超详细学习指南!

初学

  1. 找核心学习资料(50%),《走进美国》、《每日英语听力》《新概念一册,Leo老师》《欧陆词典》

    • 边听边看文本热身
    • 查词学语法点
    • 逐句反复跟读
    • 原速跟读
    • 遮盖原文原速听
  2. 背单词(25%)

    • 在语境下背单词
  3. 听说训练(25%)

    • 发音、音标课《BBC learn all 44 engilsh sounds》 音-词-句,泛听(语音语调、抓单词、重复)

    • 可利用 博树,多邻国,speakcall annietalkfaceAinder

    • 摸鱼时进行泛听,泡耳朵,平时没事多或者跟读新概念的音频,主要是用来提升语音、语调、语速、变音,在此过程中要多注意里面的单词,语法的习惯用法

      跟读时,听一句,读一句,尽可能的模仿,直到满意

需要设定目标:长期目标 -> 中期 -> 短期,目的是控制学习量

具体计划

  1. 核心学习资料-30分钟

    • 新概念英语一册,一节或半节,搭配leo视频
  2. 背单词 - 15分钟

    • 《欧路词典》《新概念一册、二册》词库
  3. 听书训练 - 15分钟

    • 阶段一:英语兔 音标专攻,一天2-4个发音

    • 阶段二:一集english pod播客,或一集《跟着lucy学英语》

  4. 语法专攻 - 20分钟

    • 《剑桥语法》练习及视频
  5. 口语练习-30分钟

    • 利用《cambly》app 外教课,《语伴》app

中级

大量听说读,看视频、有声书、ted等,只看英文字幕

单词学习

对于单词的学习,尝试去造句

  • 学会单词的形态变化,比如对于动词 + 动词的变化,时态的变化
  • 四句型转换,肯定句,否定句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句
  • 方式 / 地点 / 时间
  • 结合习惯用法
  • 其他单词 + 词性,根据词性去做组合
  • 原文摘抄 + 变换

以 private 为例,

  1. 结合其他单词,比如有 private school、private life、private hospital
  2. 结合短语,比如 go to a private school
  3. 造句,进行四句型转换,比如
    • He goes to a private school.
    • Does he go to a private school?
    • Why does he go to a private school?

简单造句

要有主语,有动词(动词要有变化),加形容词/副词,加地点,加时间,语序参考下面的表格

时间When 主语Who、Which、What 谓语行为,动词+动词变化 宾语Who、Which、What 方式How、副词 地点Where 时间When
A cute woman is shouting angrily in her car at midnight

习惯用法

  • 感叹句:what adj + n + (主语 + 谓语) 或者 how adj + (主语 + 谓语)

  • A be different from B:A 不同与 B

  • A is 5 miles from B:A距离B有5英里

  • A be full of B:A充满B

  • A give B a lift:A给了B搭便车

  • A be strict with B:A对B很严格

  • A serves as B:A当作B

  • A be equipped with B:A装备了B,equip sb with sth:给某人装备某物

  • A be referred to as B:把A称为B,等价于 refer to A as B

  • a great number of + 名词复数 等价于 a lot of:大量

  • a glass of beer:一杯啤酒

  • a piece of cheese:一片芝士

  • a parcel of diamonds: 一包钻石

  • a colony of bee:一群蜜蜂

  • a crowd of beggars:一群人乞丐

  • a short while age:不久前

  • a trail of:一系列,一长串

  • a blessing in disguise:因祸得福

  • as it did 引导方式状语从句,eg:Looks the same as it did twenty years ago. 这里it did指的就是Look the same.

  • admit doing sth:承认做某事 / sb admin that

  • ask (sb) for sth:向某人想要某些东西

  • ask sb to do sth:请求某人做某事

  • account for the fact that:解释事实,that后面加一个句子解释这个事实

  • as if : 好像,似乎,就像

  • as 做方式状语的连接词有的含义:1. 像,2. 当…, 3. 作为…,4. 按照….的方式,

  • at large:逍遥法外;在逃;未被捕获的

  • a few hours earlier:几个小时前

  • a pile of:一大堆…

  • a great deal of + 不可数名词,表示大量的xx

  • at five to twelve:差5分钟到12点,即11点55分

  • at that moment:在那个瞬间 等价 at present

  • all parts of the country:全国各地

  • admire sb for sth / doing sth:赞美某人某事

  • apply to sb:适用于某人

  • apply for sth:申请某个东西

  • apart from:除了…

  • affort this 等价于 affort to pay this,支付得起这个

  • allow用法:

    • be allowd to do sth:被允许做某事
    • allow sb to do sth:允许某人做某事
  • as … as… :像什么什么一样什么,eg:as busy as usal 像往常一样忙碌,否定是 not as(也可以用so) … as …

  • a slip of the tongue:口误

  • attempt to do sth:企图/尝试做某事

  • avoid doing sth:避免做某事

  • base on:基于xxx

  • be accustomed to doing:习惯做某事

  • be armed(被动) with sth 等价于 arm sb/sth with sth:装备某物

  • be able to do:能做某事,等价于 be due to do,与 can / could 的区别:两者都表达一种普通能力,只是 was able to do,表示过去的成功事件,

  • be always doing sth:be + doing 与 always 连用时,表示频率过高,令说话者心烦,生厌(不绝对)

  • be base on:基于….

  • be busy doing sth:忙于做某事

  • be busy with sth:忙于某件事

  • be confident that + 句子:对xxx有信心

  • be eager to do sth:渴望做某事

  • be going to do sth:将来要做啥 等价于 be gonna do sth

  • be nervous about sth / doing sth:做某事很不安/紧张

  • be proud of :为谁感到自豪

  • be aware of :对什么很清楚,知道什么,意识到什么

  • be astonish at sth:对什么感到很惊讶

  • be confident that … + 句子

  • be called in to do sth:被叫来做某事

  • be dressed in :穿着了什么(被动)

  • be dressed up as:打扮成了什么,也可以省略be

  • be disappointed to learn that:很沮丧的得知…

  • be equal to sth:胜任某事

  • be exempted from:从…被免除

  • be fanatical about/doing sth:对某事,做某事很狂热

  • be likely to do sth:可能去做某事

  • be interested in doing sth:做某事感兴趣

  • be instructed to do sth:被指示/命令做某事

  • be instructed in doing sth 等价于 instruct sb in sth/doing sth:教某人做某事

  • be lined up:排成一排

  • be mad at sb:对某人生气

  • be keen on sth/doing sth:热衷某事

  • be / get upset about sth:对什么感到沮丧/不安

  • be up for sale:待售

  • be worth doing:值得去做某事

  • be pleased with:对什么感到满意

  • be popular with:在xxx之间受欢迎

  • be put to shame:等价于 put sb to shame,使某人感到惭愧

  • be responsible for:对…有责任

  • be reluctant to do sth:不情愿做某事

  • be sensitive about sth:对某事感到敏感

  • be tolerant of:容忍某事

  • get / be tired of sth / doing sth:厌倦做某事

  • begin to do sth:等价于begin doing sth,都是表示 开始做某事

  • belong to sb:属于某人

  • be confined to xxx:被困在 xxx

  • become / be an expert at doing sth:在做某事上次成为专家

  • bear sth in mind:牢记这sth一点

  • borrow sth from sb:从某人那借来某物

  • board the plane:登机

  • black or white:非黑即白,比如see things in balck or white:看待事物非黑即白

  • black out:晕了,昏迷

  • break into cheers:欢呼起来

  • burst into tears:爆哭

  • cover the distance in …:覆盖距离

  • cause sb/sth to do sth:引起某人做某事

  • call at 等价于 visit 等价于 call on:访问

  • clear conscience(良心):问心无愧

  • claim one’s life:夺走某人的性命

  • claim to have done sth:声称已经做过某事

  • cling to sb/sth:附着在…

  • charge at sb:冲向某人,有攻击性,等价于 attack

  • catch up with sb:追上某人 / 遇见某人

  • cover sb/sth with a:用a覆盖sb/sth

  • connect a to b:连接a和b,等价于 a be connected to b

  • complain about sth:抱怨某事 / complain of sth

  • continue doing / to do sth:继续做某事

  • died from:死于环境、事故,died of:死于疾病、衰老

  • despite the fact that…:除了这样一个事实是…

  • devote oneself to sth / doing sth:致力于做某事

  • drive on to sw:继续开向某处

  • died of 后面一般加疾病,表示死于什么疾病

  • drive me mad:把我逼疯

  • dream of doing sth:梦想做某事

  • don’t have to do 等价于 don’t need to do ,不必做某事

  • do anything to do sth:使出浑身解数做某事

  • even if:即使,even though:尽管

  • enter for:参加

  • expect sth to be done:期待某事被做

  • entitle sb to sth / to do sth:给某人有权利做某事,entitle另一个意思是给某个东西起名字

  • enable sb to do sth:确保某人做某事

  • feel obliged to do sth:觉得有义务做某事,obliged to 等价于 bound to,意思是不得不做,一定做

  • fail to do sth:失败做某事

  • far more interesting:有趣得多得多,far 这里表达远超,程度副词

  • forbid sb to do sth:禁止某人做某事

  • feel sorry for sb:觉得某人挺可怜、值得同情,可悲

  • find sb doing sth:发现某人做某事

  • for one cause or another:等价于 for one reason or another,因为诸多原因

  • gaze at / glance at:盯着,凝视着

  • get sth for sb:给某人拿某些东西

  • give up doing sth:放弃做某事

  • give rise to:等价于 lead to 等价于cause,表示导致…

  • get into (such) a mess:陷入麻烦 / 弄到一身灰尘

  • get a fright / give me a fright:受到惊吓 / 吓我一跳

  • going througth:翻阅

  • go on a diet 等价于 be on a diet :表示节食

  • go on doing sth:持续 / 坚持做某事

  • go on strike:罢工

  • go downhill:走下坡路

  • go to church:做礼拜,go to the church:去教堂

  • go to extreme to do sth:走极端做某事

  • help oneself to sth:未经许可拿某人某物,偷某人某物

  • happend to do:碰巧做某事

  • hesitate to do sth:犹豫做某事

  • hesitate for a moment / second:等价于 wait a moment,表示等一会

  • have sth in common…:在某事上是相同的

  • have difficulty in doing sth:走某事很困难

  • have trouble with sth:做某事情有麻烦或困难

  • have a glimpse of sth/sb:瞥见某人 / 某事

  • have / make an impact on:在…上产生影响

  • have a habit of doing sth:有习惯做某事,develop a habit:养成习惯

  • have authority to do:有权力做某事

  • have/get the nerve to do sth:有勇气做某事

  • hear / see doing sth:非全程听/看到做某事,hear / see do sth:全程都听 / 看到做某事

  • hold up the traffic:阻塞交通,hold up the line:阻碍排队

  • i is/was wondering + 句子:我想知道的是…

  • in this way:在路上

  • in sb’s honor:向某人致敬

  • in return for xxx:作为xxx的回报

  • in twenty minutes(' time):12分钟之后 / in six months:6个月后

  • in the front of (内部的前面) / in front of (外部的前面)

  • intend to do sth:计划做某事

  • insist on doing sth:坚持做某事

  • it seems that + 句子:似乎是…

  • it is a blessing that … :很幸运的是…

  • it is said that … 等价于 be said to do sth:表示 据说

  • it is disturbing to think that + 句子:很困扰的是… + 句子

  • it occurred to sb that(to do sth)…:某人突然间想到

  • it take sb sometime to do sth:花费某人多长时间做某事

  • it is no use pretending that + 句子:假装做…是没有用的

  • it comes as a surprise to learn that + 句子:得知某事很惊讶

  • knock at the door:敲门

  • keep guard:站岗,守卫,守在这里

  • keep in touch with sb:与某人保持联系

  • keep track of:追踪xxx的进展

  • lend sb sth:借给某人某物

  • leave sb a message:给某人留下信息

  • laugh at sb:嘲笑某人

  • look forward to sth / doing sth:盼望做某事

  • look down on sb:看不起某人,等价于 scornfully,轻蔑地

  • look on:旁观

  • mind doing sth:介意做某事,格式:do you mind my smoking?为什么要用my,可以理解为smoke是属于"我的",属于固定搭配,得是 “某人的”,可以省略,也可以用me

  • mark the occasion:纪念这个场合

  • make a spectacle of oneself:让某人出洋相

  • make no effort to do sth:不努力做某事

  • make a decision:做决定

  • make sb do sth:让某人做某事,被动,不能省略to,为 be made to do sth,被迫做某事,等价于 be forced to do sth

  • make up my mind:下定决心

  • manage to do sth:等价于 was able to do sth,含义:过去成功做了某事,设法做成了某事

  • might / may as well:(没有更好的选择)只能去做了

  • mixture of a and b:a和b的混合物

  • move to a house in 地方 / move to 地方:搬到某个地方

  • not know the way to 地方:不知道那个地方的路

  • no sooner … than … :等价于 as soon as,表示 一 … 就

  • on doing sth, … 等价于 as soon as,等价于 the moment,都表示 一…就

  • on the last day:在最后一天

  • on the course:在路上,course还有其他意思,比如课程,过程,经过,球场,of course 当然

  • on this occasion:在这种场合,occasion:n 场合;occasionally:adv 是偶然的

  • one way of another:不管怎么样

  • one good turn deserves another:礼尚往来,好人有好报,turn这里表行为

  • once upon a time:很久以前

  • once more:再一次,重新

  • pocket money:零钱,零花钱

  • play truant from school:逃学

  • pay for sth:支付某如

  • pay it back:把他还回来

  • pay sb a visit:拜访某人

  • persuade sb (not) to do sth:说服某人做某事

  • put forward a plan :提出一个计划

  • put it behind me:抛之脑后,遗忘掉

  • put my finger on it:引申含义,明确的指出

  • point the finger at:引申含义,指责或责备某人

  • prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做某事

  • (would) prefer to do sth 等价于 prefer doing sth,更喜欢做某事

  • prefer A to B:和b比我更喜欢A

  • prefer doing A to doing B :和做 B 相比我更喜欢做A

  • (would) prefer to do A rather than B:和做B相比,我更喜欢做A

  • protect A from B:保护A免于B的(伤害)

  • provide sb with sth:提供给某人某物

  • receive sth from sb:从谁那收到东西

  • refuse to do sth:拒绝做某事

  • remind sb of sth/sb:提醒某人想起某事/人

  • remember sb for + sth:想起某人某事

  • regretted doing sth:后悔做某事

  • run into serious trouble:遇到严重的困难

  • run out of:用尽,耗尽

  • save up for years to buy sth:存了很多年钱买某物

  • should (not) do 或者 ought (not) to do,都是表示应该做

  • should have done 或者 ought to have done,都是表示本应该做某事,但却没有

  • sort of 等价于 kind of:各种类型,各种种类,what sort of / what kind of,all sorts of / all kinds of

  • spot sb doing sth:看到某人做某事

  • spend固定用法:

    • spend on:在…方面花费
    • spend money on:花多少钱买某物
    • spend time (in) doing:花时间做某事
  • speed it / things / this up:加速做某事

  • stand on sb’s head:倒立

  • start doing sth:开始做某事, 等价于 set out to do sth 、intend to do sth、begin to do sth

  • stick to the plan:坚持这个计划

  • step side:站到一边;从重要的职位离开,辞职;撤退

  • stop by:顺便来访

  • set up a new world record:创建新的世界记录 / break the record:打破世界记录

  • seem to be doing:似乎在做某事

  • shout at sb:带情绪的那种喊,shout to sb:使某人能听到的那种喊

  • stick my plan:坚持我的计划

  • stamp out:踩灭、踩出

  • so far:到目前为止

  • so long as:只要…

  • so + adj/adv:表程度,可以是形容词或副词,

    such + adj + n:表程度,但一定是形容词+名词,形容词也可以去掉

    so adj/adv that … 、 such + (adj) + n + that:如此…以至于…

  • succeed in doing sth:成功做某事

  • suggest that … does / should do,建议某人做某事,should可省略,可do可does

  • sneer at sb 或者 with a sneer:冷笑某人

  • sb take a long time to do sth:某人花费很长时间做某事

  • take sth/sb seriously:认真对待某事/某人

  • take it away from me:从我身边抢走

  • take plates of …:给…拍片

  • take a lift / ask for a lift / give sb a lift:请求搭便车

  • take charge of :负责,掌管,承担责任,控制

  • take off:飞机起飞,touch down:飞机降落

  • too adj to do sth:太 adj 以至于不能做某事

  • to make matters worse:使事情变得更糟糕的是

  • to sb’s horror:使某人惊恐

  • think about sth/sb:思考某人/某事

  • tech sb sth:教给某人某事

  • try to do sth:尝试做某事

  • turn out to be:结果是,原来是,证明是

  • to sb’s surprise:让某人惊讶的是

  • that’s neat 等价于 that’s cool

  • the last day of the year:一年的最后一天

  • threaten sb with sth:威胁某人某事

  • two minutes past twelve:12点过2分

  • the news get around:消息传播开来

  • wake up with start:惊醒

  • work for xx:给xx工作

  • well-konw:著名

  • will be away:离开

  • wave to sb:向某人招手

  • without doing sth:没有做某事

  • urge sb to do sth:怂恿某人做某事

  • up to now:到目前为止

  • use up:用光

  • use to do sth:过去常常做某事(现在不做了),否定式为 didn’t use to do

    • 区别 be use to doing:习惯做某事
    • 区别 be used to do sth:被用来做某事
    • 与would do的区别,would do指的是过去重复发生的动作、过去经常做某事,use to do指过去的状态 或者 暗含现在不发生了 或者 讨论经常且重要的习惯行为(比较主观,看情况)
  • be use as:被当作,use A as B:把A当成B

语法

  • 介词 + 地方:at + 小地方,on + 大地方

  • ever + 在疑问词后面,比如what、why、who 表示强调,根据语气,可能带有 surprise / astonishment(惊讶) / anger / irritation(激怒) / dismay 等情绪

  • do / does / did 肯定句表强调,一般加在动词后面,后面动词原型,eg:She did do morning exercises this morning; 这里的did是表强调,去掉did也可以,She did morning exercises this morning; 这里的did是do的过去式;

  • was / were doing表礼貌,此时可以跟未来的时间一起搭配

  • yet,表示前后句子的表达前后反差很大,yet引导的句子表示很惊喜很惊讶,强转折,表然而但是

  • 强调句:it is(was) + 强调部分 + that(who) + 剩余部分

    eg:it was my secretan that sent the bill to Mr.Harding yesterday.

    it was the bill that my secretary sent to Mr.Harding yesterday. 两者强调的部分不一样

  • 比较级,最高级,一般规则是加 er/ est,其他的

    • 单音节,元音 + 辅音结尾,双写辅音字母,加 er / est
    • 双音节,辅音字母 + y结尾,变y为i,加 er / est
    • 一些另外 或者 多音节(>=3个音节),是加 more,most 或者 less,lest
    • 甚至有一些上面的规则皆可
    • 不规则的,比如 good / well -> better -> best;bad -> worse -> worst;little -> less -> least
  • 比较级常见用法

    • 主语 + be + adj. er + than + 比较对象
    • 主语 + be + the + adj. est + n + 范围
    • 主语 + be + the + adj. est + n + I‘ve ever met/seen/konwn; xxx我所知道的最xxx的xxx
  • 时间用法,常规用法:

    • on + 具体的某一天
    • in + 年/季/月,早上/下午/晚上
    • at + 时间点
  • having been done:完成时的被动,可结合 分词作状语 使用

  • have / get something done:

    • 含义一:让别人来做某事,自己不做

    • 含义二:意外,不幸的遭遇,翻译成 被

  • have gone to:已经去了,人没回来

  • have been to:已经去过,人回来了

  • have/has (not) been doing sth:现在完成进行时

    • 用法一:过去进行的动作(结束)对现有的影响
    • 用法二:过去进行的动作持续(重复)到现在,也许还会继续
  • have / has done : 现在完成时

    • 用法一:表示过去的事情对现在产生了影响,等价于 did + do/does(做过了什么,现在怎么样)
    • 用法二:从过去持续到现在的事情,一般会加时间
  • had done:过去完成时

    • 用法一:过去的过去,强调的是两个过去是有关联的,不然用一般过去时即可
    • 用法二:过去时间点A发生,对过去时间点B产生了影响
    • 用法三:一个动作从过去A持续或重复到过去B
  • will have done:将来完成时,否定:won’t have done

    后面常见于接未来时间 by next Monday、by tomorrow

    • 用法一:一个动作持续或重复到将来
    • 用法二:一个动作截止到未来某个时间前完成
  • had been doing sth:过去完成进行时

    • 用法一:过去A进行的v(结束)对过去B产生的影响
    • 用法二:过去A进行的 v 持续或重复到过去B

  • 被动语句

    • am/is/are + done
    • was/were + done
    • am/is/are + being + done
    • have/has + been + done
    • had + been + done
  • how many对可数名词提问,how much对不可数名词提问

  • have to 和 must 的区别,两者都是表达必须,

    • must用在一般现在时,但是没办法表达过去;have to可以用时态,表达过去就能用 had to do 了,否定:don’t have to;

    • must表主观,have to表客观

    • 美式英语,直接用 have to,不区分

    • have to 等价于 have got to,have gotta do,都是表示必须(比较少用,口语用的多)

    • have got 等价于 have,都是表示 拥有

    • must / can 表推测 现在 过去
      肯定 must domust be adj / nmust be doing must have donemust have been adj / nmust have been doing
      否定 can’t docan’t be adj / ncan’t be doing can’t have donecan’t have been adj / ncan’t have been doing
  • may / might 表推测,可能是

    may / might 表推测 现在 过去
    肯定 / 否定 may / might (not) domay / might (not) be adj / nmay / might (not) be doing may / might (not) have done may / might (not)have been adj / n may / might (not) have been doing
  • need

    • 动词,含义同want:need to do sth,否定 don’t need to do sth(等价于 don’t have to do sth,不必做某事)

    • 情态动词,含义同can,表不必(常出现在否定句/疑问句):needn’t do 等价于 can’t do

      needn’t have done:本不必如此,但事情已经发生了,有后悔的语言效果;要区分needn’t do,两种意思还是不太一样

    • need doing sth:被动语句,等价于 need to be done

    • should (not) do 或者 ought (not) to do,都是表示应该做

    • should have done 或者 ought to have done,都是表示本应该做某事,但却没有

  • 并列连词

    • both A and B :A 和 B 都
    • either A or B:A 或 B,就近原则,看B是不是复数,来决定后面的动词是什么
    • neither A nor B:既不是 A 也不是 B ,就近原则,看B是不是复数,来决定后面的动词是什么
    • not only … but also …:不仅…而且…
  • if 引导的条件从句,主将从现,eg:if you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.

    if 真实条件句:A动作成立关联B动作成立,不符合虚拟语气结构,不与事实相反,比如 if 引导的主将从现句子是一种例子,其他例子:if you didn’t study English at school, you won’t understand this book. 或者 if jack didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill.

  • 虚拟语气:

    • if + did/were, 主语 + would / should / could / might do,这里的did并非表示过去,比如有 if i were you, i wouldn't do that这句话是对的
      • if 从句中的 动词 与 现在的事实 相反
      • 说话人认为,if 从句中 动词 发生的机率非常低,所以如果 if 从句里是否定句,那将biao’s
    • if + 主语 + had done…,主语 + would / should / could / might + have done.
      • if 从句中的 动词 与 过去的事实 相反
      • 变体,if + 主语 + could have done ,比如 if you could have made 等价于 if you had been able to make
  • 定语从句 与 同位语从句 的区别:

    两者都作补充说明,但定语从句是修饰,而同位语从句是一个完整的句子补充说明一个名词,去掉连接词也是完整的,而定语从句的 that / which / who 是充当句子成分的,比如主语或宾语,不能去掉

    名词性从句,从句一般充当名词,解释名词,常用的连词:that / if or whether / 常用特殊疑问词

    • 宾语从句:

      He asked (if Mr. Gilbert’s operation had been successful) and the doctor told him (that it had been).

      He then asked (when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home)…

    • 同位语从句:

      No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.

    • 表语从句:

    • 主语从句:

      It seem certain that their plane would crash. 这里从句指代的是it

    形容词从句,从句解释形容词,常用连接词 that / who /which / where / whose / when

    • 定语从句:

      Jasper White is one of those rare people (who believe in acient myths.)

    • 非限定性定语从句

    副词性从句,从句解释副词,如 状语从句;

    • 时间状语从句:常用连词:when / while / as / before / after / as soon as / til / until;特殊连词:ever since / since / the moment / no sooner … than … / hardly … when

    • 地点状语从句

    • 原因状语从句:常用连词:because / as / for / since

    • 目的状语从句:常用连词:so that / in order that / that …; 特殊连词:in order to / as … as to

      eg:so that:以便,为了,一般用于连接两个句子,表目的

    • 结果状语从句:常用连词:so … that / such … that …

    • 条件状语从句:常用连词:if / unless

    • 让步状语从句:常用连词:although / though / even thougt / even if / no matter how / whatever / whoever…

    • 比较状语从句:as … as / than

    • 方式状语从句:as / like / as if / the way

  • 分词作定语

    • done作定语

      • 被动一般

        The taxi is a small airplane called a ‘Pilatus Porter’.

      • 被动完成

        on a ploughed field

      • 主动完成

        a retired captain = a captain who has retired

    • doing作定语

      • 主动进行

        the sleeping child = the child who is sleeping.

      • 主动一般

        I like the girl dancing with that guy.

  • 分词作状语,简化状语从句

    • 一般需要前后主语一致;去掉状语从句的主语,连词可留;从句的动词变成分词;分词有两种,如果从句是主动进行或者主动一般,使用doing,如果从句是被动完成 或 被动一般,使用done;

      原句:When the baby opened his eyes, he began to cry.

      改成分词状语引导:Opening his eyes, the baby began to cry.

    • 如果分词要强调从句的动词发生在主句动作前,使用having done

      原句:After he had completed the book, he had a holiday.

      改成分词状语引导:(After) Having completed the book, he had a holiday.

    • 如果是否定的,使用 not + 分词

      原句:Because i didn’t want to wake her, I left the house silently.

      改成分词状语引导:Not wanting to wake her, I left the house silently.

    • 特殊的,be + 形容词 + 名词

      原句:My girlfriend is a doctor, she knows what medicine you should take;

      改成分词状语引导:(Being)a doctor, my grilfriend knows what medicine you should take.

  • 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,都是做补充和说明,区别是非限定性定语从句前面有逗号,且去掉这句也无所谓,而限定性定语从句的修饰是指定的,比如:

    • He has a daugter who works in a hospital. 表示有一个在医院工作的女儿,可能也有其他女儿,但是这里特指那个在医院工作的
    • He has a daugter, who works in a hospital. (= and she works in a hospital)表示有一个女儿,这个女儿是在医院工作
  • only部分倒装

    • only 在句首时,主谓可能颠倒,属于语言习惯,有时和than一起出现,only than…

      Only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened.

      Onlythen did I understand what she meant.

      Only after her death was I able to do that.

    • only 说明主语,主谓不倒装

      Only policemen can come in.

      Only my mother really understands me.

    • not only + 部分倒装(简单理解为将原句改成一般疑问句),起到强调的作用,eg:

      And you will not only have to pay him to do this, far more important, you will have to agree with him. 部分倒装之后:

      And not only will you have to pay him to do this, far more important, you will have to agree with him.

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